Peptide Research Guides

BPC-157 Research Guide: Mechanism & Research Overview

Body Protection Compound 157 is one of the most-studied research peptides in preclinical tissue repair literature. Here is what the data actually shows.

TB-500 Research Guide: Thymosin Beta-4 Fragment in Tissue Repair Studies

TB-500 is a synthetic fragment of Thymosin Beta-4 widely studied for actin sequestration, cell migration, and tissue repair pathways. Here is the research breakdown.

GLP-3 RT Research Guide: Triple Agonist in Metabolic Studies

GLP-3 RT is the most-discussed metabolic research peptide of the last 24 months.

GLP-1 S Research Guide: GLP-1 Agonism: Mechanism & Research Overview

GLP-1 S is the most-cited GLP-1 receptor agonist in modern metabolic research. Here is the mechanism, the published data, and the reconstitution concentrations.

GLP-2 T Research Guide: Dual GLP-1/GIP Agonist Mechanism

GLP-2 T is the first dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist in published metabolic literature. Here is the mechanism and the trial data breakdown.

NAD+ Research Guide: Cellular Energy, Sirtuins

NAD+ sits at the center of cellular energy metabolism and sirtuin signaling. Here is what the research literature actually shows.

GHK-Cu Research Guide: Copper Peptide in Skin & Tissue Studies

GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide with one of the broadest gene-expression footprints in published peptide research.

Wolverine Stack Research Guide: BPC-157 + TB-500 Synergy

The Wolverine Stack pairs BPC-157 with TB-500 — two of the most-studied peptides in preclinical tissue repair literature. Here is why they are studied together.

MOTS-C Research Guide: Mitochondrial Peptide, Metabolism & Half-Life

MOTS-C is a 16-amino-acid peptide encoded within mitochondrial DNA. Research links it to AMPK activation, metabolic flexibility, and exercise capacity.

CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin Research Guide: GHRH/GHRP Combo Mechanism

CJC-1295 without DAC pairs a GHRH analog with the selective GHRP Ipamorelin to study pulsatile growth-hormone release. Here is the research breakdown.

Tesamorelin Research Guide: GHRH Analog, Visceral Fat & Half-Life

Tesamorelin is a stabilized GHRH analog with the most robust visceral-fat-reduction data of any growth-hormone secretagogue studied in humans.

Kisspeptin Research Guide: HPG Axis, LH Pulse

Kisspeptin sits at the top of the HPG axis, gating GnRH release and downstream LH/FSH pulses. Here is the research breakdown.

HGH (Somatropin) Research Guide: Mechanism, IGF-1 & Half-Life

Recombinant human growth hormone (Somatropin, 191aa) is the reference molecule for the entire growth-hormone secretagogue space. Here is the research overview.

Glutathione Research Guide: Master Antioxidant, Redox & Dosing Math

Glutathione is the master endogenous antioxidant — a tripeptide central to cellular redox balance, detoxification, and immune function research.

Selank Research Guide: Anxiolytic Heptapeptide Mechanism & Dosing

Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide analog of the immunomodulatory peptide tuftsin, studied for anxiolytic and nootropic effects without sedation or dependence.

Semax Research Guide: Nootropic ACTH Fragment Mechanism & Dosing

Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide analog of ACTH(4-10), studied for nootropic and neuroprotective effects via BDNF and NGF upregulation.

Epithalon Research Guide: Telomerase, Pineal & Longevity Studies

Epithalon is a synthetic tetrapeptide derived from the pineal extract Epithalamin, studied for telomerase activation and circadian/longevity endpoints.

Sermorelin Research Guide: GHRH(1-29): Mechanism & Research Overview

Sermorelin (GHRH 1-29) is the shortest fragment of growth-hormone-releasing hormone that retains full biological activity. Here is the research breakdown.

AOD-9604 Research Guide: hGH Fragment 176-191 & Lipolysis

AOD-9604 is a 16-amino-acid fragment of the C-terminus of human growth hormone, studied for its lipolytic effects without the metabolic side effects of full HGH.

5-Amino-1MQ Research Guide: NNMT Inhibitor Mechanism & Dosing

5-Amino-1MQ is a small-molecule inhibitor of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), studied for adipose-tissue metabolism and NAD+ pool preservation.

Cagrilintide Research Guide: Long-Acting Amylin Analog & Satiety

Cagrilintide is a long-acting amylin analog studied alongside GLP-1 S (CagriSema) for additive effects on satiety, gastric emptying, and weight research.

PT-141 Research Guide: Bremelanotide Melanocortin Mechanism

PT-141 (Bremelanotide) is a synthetic melanocortin receptor agonist studied for centrally-mediated sexual-response pathways — distinct from PDE5 inhibitors.

Cerebrolysin Research Guide: Porcine Neuropeptide Complex & Half-Life

Cerebrolysin is a peptide-and-amino-acid complex derived from purified porcine brain tissue, studied for neurotrophic effects in stroke and cognitive research.

CJC-1295 (No DAC) Research Guide: Modified GRF (1-29) Mechanism

CJC-1295 without DAC — also called Modified GRF (1-29) — is a short-acting GHRH analog used in pulsatile GH-release research protocols.

AHK-Cu Research Guide: Copper Tripeptide in Hair Follicle Studies

AHK-Cu is a copper-binding tripeptide most-studied for its effects on dermal papilla cells and follicular angiogenesis.

GLOW Stack Research Guide: BPC-157 + TB-500 + GHK-Cu

GLOW combines three of the most-studied recovery peptides in one vial: BPC-157, TB-500, and GHK-Cu.

Ipamorelin Research Guide: Selective GHRP Mechanism & Half-Life

Ipamorelin is a pentapeptide GHRP prized in research for its selective growth-hormone release without cortisol or prolactin spikes.

KPV Research Guide: α-MSH Tripeptide in Inflammation Studies

KPV is the C-terminal tripeptide of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone — a compact anti-inflammatory sequence widely studied in gut mucosal research.

KLOW Stack Research Guide: GHK-Cu + TB-500 + BPC-157 + KPV

KLOW extends the classic GLOW stack with KPV, adding an α-MSH-derived anti-inflammatory arm to the copper/actin/VEGFR2 combination.

L-Carnitine Research Guide: Fatty Acid Oxidation & Mitochondrial Transport

L-Carnitine is an amino acid derivative essential for long-chain fatty-acid transport into the mitochondrial matrix — a core node in fat-oxidation research.

Melanotan II (MT-2) Research Guide: Melanocortin Receptor Agonism

Melanotan II is a synthetic α-MSH analog studied for its potent non-selective melanocortin receptor agonism.

Oxytocin Research Guide: Neuropeptide in Social & Behavioral Studies

Oxytocin is a nine-amino-acid neuropeptide central to social bonding, trust, and behavioral research literature.

Vitamin B12 (Methylcobalamin) Research Guide

Methylcobalamin is the bioactive coenzyme form of Vitamin B12 — essential for methionine synthase and cellular methylation pathways.

Adamax Research Guide: N-Acetyl Semax Amidate Nootropic

Adamax is a modified Semax analog engineered for enhanced enzymatic stability and prolonged central activity in cognitive research models.

PNC-27 Research Guide: HDM-2 Binding Anticancer Peptide

PNC-27 is a chimeric peptide that selectively lyses tumor cells expressing membrane-bound HDM-2 while sparing normal cells.

First Responder Stack Research Guide: Growth, Recovery & Metabolic

The First Responder Stack combines three research protocols into one bundle: pulsatile GH release, tissue repair, and triple-agonist metabolic signaling.

Neuro Health Stack Research Guide: Epithalon + Selank + Semax

The Neuro Health Stack pairs three neuropeptides — one telomeric, one anxiolytic, one nootropic — into a single research bundle.

Energy & Focus Stack Research Guide: MOTS-C + Semax + NAD+

The Energy & Focus Stack pairs mitochondrial (MOTS-C), nootropic (Semax), and NAD-precursor (NAD+) research peptides.

HCG Research Guide: LH-Receptor Agonism & Testosterone Research

HCG is a placental glycoprotein hormone that acts as a potent LH-receptor agonist — central to reproductive endocrinology research.

HGH Fragment 176-191 Research Guide: Lipolytic C-Terminal Fragment

HGH Fragment 176-191 is the lipolytic C-terminal region of human growth hormone, isolated from its growth-promoting activity.

Melatonin Research Guide: Circadian Neurohormone & Antioxidant

Melatonin is the pineal neurohormone that entrains circadian rhythm — and one of the most potent endogenous free-radical scavengers in the mammalian body.

Melanotan I (MT-1 / Afamelanotide) Research Guide

MT-1 (Afamelanotide) is a selective MC1R agonist and the only clinically-approved melanocortin peptide.

Selank + Semax Research Guide: Combined Anxiolytic + Nootropic Vial

This combination vial pairs Selank (anxiolytic) with Semax (nootropic) — two Russian-developed neuropeptides frequently paired in cognitive research.

SS-31 (Elamipretide) Research Guide: Cardiolipin-Stabilizing Tetrapeptide

SS-31 is a small tetrapeptide that concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane and stabilizes cardiolipin — a key node in mitochondrial-function research.

Cardiogen Research Guide: Cardiac Peptide Bioregulator (Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg)

Cardiogen is a short tetrapeptide bioregulator (Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg) from the Khavinson peptide class, studied for cardiac cell gene-expression and cardiovascular-aging research.

Tesamorelin + Ipamorelin Research Guide: Combined GHRH + GHRP Vial

This combination vial pairs Tesamorelin (long-acting GHRH analog) with Ipamorelin (selective GHRP) for synergistic GH-axis research.

GLP-3 RT + Cagrilintide Research Guide: Triple Agonist + Amylin

This combination vial pairs GLP-3 RT (triple agonist) with Cagrilintide (amylin analog) — a leading-edge metabolic-research combination.

DSIP Research Guide: Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide Mechanism

DSIP is a nine-amino-acid neuropeptide first isolated from rabbit brain in association with electroencephalographic delta-wave activity.

SLU-PP-332 Research Guide: ERR Pan-Agonist Exercise Mimetic

SLU-PP-332 is a first-in-class ERR pan-agonist small molecule that reproduces key transcriptional signatures of endurance exercise in animal models.

Prostamax Research Guide: Khavinson Tetrapeptide Bioregulator

Prostamax is a Khavinson-class tetrapeptide bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp-Pro) studied for tissue-specific gene expression effects in prostate research.

Lipo-C 396 Research Guide: Lipotropic Amino Acid + B-Vitamin Blend

Lipo-C 396 is a multi-component injectable blend combining lipotropic amino acids, choline, and B-vitamins for fat-metabolism research.

IGF-1 LR3 Research Guide: Long-Arg3 Extended Half-Life Analog

IGF-1 LR3 is a modified 83-amino-acid IGF-1 analog designed to minimize IGFBP binding and extend biological half-life to ~20–30 hours.

Super Human Blend Research Guide: 9-Amino-Acid Recovery Formulation

Super Human Blend is a pre-mixed 9-amino-acid injectable blend at 865 mg/mL — engineered for nitric oxide, recovery, and glutathione precursor research.

Lemon Bottle Research Guide: Riboflavin/Lecithin/Bromelain/NMN Blend

Lemon Bottle is a high-concentration lipolytic research solution combining Riboflavin (B2), Lecithin, Bromelain, and NMN.

ARA-290 (Cibinetide) Research Guide: Innate Repair Receptor Peptide

ARA-290 is an 11-residue peptide derived from erythropoietin's B-helix that engages the innate repair receptor (IRR) — an EPO-receptor / βcR heterodimer — without erythropoietic activity.

Thymalin Research Guide: Khavinson Thymic Peptide Bioregulator

Thymalin is a Khavinson-class thymic peptide extract studied for T-cell maturation and age-related immune-senescence research.

SNAP-8 Research Guide: Acetyl Octapeptide-3 Topical Peptide

SNAP-8 is an eight-amino-acid SNAP-25 mimetic developed as a topical peptide for research on neurotransmitter-release inhibition at the neuromuscular junction.

VIP Research Guide: Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Neuromodulator

VIP is a 28-amino-acid neuropeptide with broad research relevance across immune modulation, vasodilation, and neuroinflammation.

Adipotide Research Guide: FTPP Vascular-Targeted Adipose Peptide

Adipotide is a chimeric peptidomimetic engineered to selectively induce apoptosis in the vasculature supporting white adipose tissue.

BPC-157 vs TB-500

BPC-157 and TB-500 are the two most-studied research peptides in preclinical soft-tissue repair. Here is the full side-by-side.

GLP-1 S vs GLP-2 T

GLP-1 S is a single GLP-1 agonist; GLP-2 T is a dual GLP-1/GIP agonist. The mechanism difference is small on paper and large in the clinical data.

CJC-1295 vs Tesamorelin

CJC-1295 and Tesamorelin are both GHRH receptor agonists — but the half-life, clinical data, and pharmacokinetic profiles diverge sharply.

GLP-3 RT vs GLP-2 T

GLP-3 RT adds glucagon receptor agonism to the GLP-1/GIP profile of GLP-2 T. The Phase-2 data shows what that third receptor actually changes.

GLP-3 RT vs GLP-1 S

GLP-1 S hits one incretin receptor. GLP-3 RT hits three. The mechanism gap is the largest of any two peptides in this category.